Biblioteka Uniwersytecka

1 Introduction: Background and Acknowledgments 1
2 Why Is Copyright Important to You? 5

Scope of Copyright
3 What Works Are Protected by Copyright? 7
4 Eligibility for Copyright:
What Is an "Original Work of Authorship"? 9
5 Eligibility for Copyright:
What Is "Fixed in a Tangible Medium of Expression"? 11
6 What Works Are Not Protected by Copyright? 13
7 More Works That Cannot Be Copyrighted:
U.S. Government Works 15

Formalities and Duration

8 Formalities of Copyright: Copyright Notice and Registration 17
9 More about the Formalities of Copyright 19
10 How Long Do Copyrights Last? The Duration Question 21
11 How Long Do Copyrights Last? Unpublished Works 24
Owners and Rights
12 Who Owns the Copyright?
The General Rule and Some Exceptions 26
13 Who Owns the Copyright? Joint Copyright Ownership 29
14 Who Owns the Copyright?
Exceptions, Assignment, and Institutional Policies 31
15 The Expanding Rights of Copyright Owners 34
16 Rights of the Copyright Owner:
Reproduction and Distribution 38
17 Rights of the Copyright Owner: Derivative Works 40
18 Rights of the Copyright Owner:
Public Performance and Display 42
19 Exceptions to the Rights of Owners 44

Fair Use

20 Fair Use: What Exactly Is It? 48
21 Learning about Fair Use: Start with the Statute 50
22 The First Two Factors of Fair Use:
Purpose of the Use and Nature of the Copyrighted Work 53
23 The Factors of Fair Use:
Amount of the Work Used and Effect on the Market 55
24 Fair Use in the Courts:
Quoting from Copyrighted Works 58
25 Fair Use in the Courts: Photocopying for Education 61
26 Fair Use in the Courts:
More about Photocopying and Reproduction for Education 63
27 Fair Use and Unpublished Works 66
28 Experimenting with Fair Use:
Moving from Print to the Internet 69
29 Making Sense of Fair Use:
What About Fair-Use "Guidelines"? 72
30 Making Sense of Fair Use:
Fair-Use Guidelines and One University's Response 74

Special Exceptions

31 Displays and Performances in Distance Learning 77
32 Library Copying: A Statutory Provision of Its Own 81
33 Library Copying: Copies to Keep and Copies to Preserve 84
34 Library Copying: Copy Machines in the Library 89
Looking Ahead
35 Copyright and New Technologies: Computer Software 91
36 Copyright and New Technologies:
The World Wide Web 93
37 Requesting Permission from the Copyright Owner 95
38 Liability for Copyright Infringement 97
39 What Is at Stake in an Infringement Action? 100
40 Acting in Good Faith 103

Appendices

1. Introduction . . 1
2. From Cathedral School to University . . 17
3. Games of Philosophers and Astronomers: From the Late Middle Ages to the Renaissance . . 53
4. The Renaissance . . 85
5. Decline and Disappearance . . 123

The Most Noble, Auncient, and Learned Playe (1563) . . 137

Bibliography . . 181
Index . . 199

Editor's Preface . . vii
Preface . . ix
List of Maps . . xi
List of Abbreviations . . xii

Introduction . . 1
 The Pope's reputation and character . . 1
 The sources for the history of the pontificate . . 7

CHAPTER 1 The Pope and the Papacy . . 10
 The forming of Innocent Ill's personality: influences and education . . 10
 Election . . 23
 Coronation . . 27
 The City of Rome . . 29
 The family . . 33
 The Papal Curia . . 37
 The College of Cardinals . . 39
 Conclusion . . 40

CHAPTER 2 Politics, Power and Propaganda . . 49
 Politics . . 49
 Power: the Papal State, Rome and Sicily . . 65
 Economic strength . . 71
 Papal armies . . 77
 Policy . . 80
 The separate kingdoms . . 82
 Propaganda, information and diplomacy . . 87
 Conclusion . . 91

CHAPTER 3 Law and Society . . 94
 Declaration and formation of the law . . 94
 Councils: the Fourth Lateran Council . . 95
 Decretals . . 101
 Bologna: the Law School and productions . . 103
 Clerks and laymen . . 110
 Marriage . . 115
 The Pope as judge: law courts . . 118
 Conclusion . . 122

CHAPTER 4 Authority and Protest: The Christian Life . . 125
 The crisis of the Church . . 125
 Poverty . . 139
 Preaching . . 141
 The Waldenses and the Humiliati . . 143
 The Friars . . 150
 Heresy . . 153
 The Cathars . . 155
 The Albigensian Crusade . . 160
 Conclusion . . 162

CHAPTER 5 The Papacy and the Wider World: The Frontiers of Christendom . . 164
 Jerusalem, the Near East and the crusading idea . . 164
 The Fourth Crusade . . 172
 The Children's Crusade . . 176
 The Spanish Reconquest . . 178
 The Baltic Crusades . . 179
 Sicily . . 182
 England . . 184
 The Greek Church . . 185
 Conclusion . . 187
 Final Assessment

Appendix: Chronology of Innocent III's Pontificate . . 198
General Bibliography . . 201
Maps . . 205
Index . . 214

List of Plates . . ix
Introduction to the Series . . xi
Acknowledgements . . xii
Translator's Preface . . xiii
Introduction . . 1

1 The Legislator and the Renovator of Radical Ideas . . 5
2 Towards the Impossible Theatre (Conversation, June 1972) . . 9
3 Tadeusz Kantor's Cloahroom (Film script, 1973-1974) . . 14
4 Lovelies and Dowdies (Critical Commentary, 1974) . . 30
5 Dead Class, or a New Treatise on Mannequins (Conversation, October 1975) . . 34
6 A Gripping Seance: Dead Class . . 42
7 Around the World with Dead Class . . 47
  Kantor in the British Isles (1976) . . 48
  In the Eyes of the French (1977) . . 52
  Shiraz (1977) . . 57
  New York (1979) . . 59
  Toga-mura and Tokyo (1982) . . 64
8 Kantor in Opposition to Himself (Conversation, July 1980) . . 68
9 Between Absolute Form and the Revelation of Feeling: Wielopole, Wielopole . . 73
10 On the State of Things, the Avant-garde, Innovation, Luck, Truth, and Success (Conversation, June 1981) . . 82
11 Cricotage under Villon's Banner: Ou Sont les Neiges d'Antan? . . 90
12 The Theatre is Art, First and Foremost (Conversation, November 1983) . . 100
13 Let the Artists Die! (Notes from the year 1985) . . 110
14 I - The Master: A Documentary on the Making of Kantor's Let the Artists Die! by Krzysztof Miklaszewski (1985-1986) . . 120
15 A Sixteen-minute Pre-premicre Ovation . . 125
16 Did I Help or Did I Hinder? (Conversation, July 1986) . . 128
17 Exegi Monumentum, or The Machine of Love and Death (Description in dialogue form, July 1987) . . 132
18 ". . . Nothing Further . . ." (Notes from conversations, March 1988) . . 135
19 Between Love and Death (Kantor's Farewell, 15 December 1990) . . 143

Afterword: Kantor's Ascension . . 147
Postscript: Kantor's Theatre, without Kantor (1999) . . 150
Tadensz Kantor (1915-1990): A Chronicie of his Life and Works . . 155
Tadeusz Kantor: World Bibliography . . 164
Authors and their Works . . 168
Index of Names . . 170

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiii

Chapter 1 Introducing research methods 1

1.1 Social science research: the backgronnd l
1.2 Social science research: aims 3
1.3 Research and scientific method 4
1.4 Beginning a research project 15
1.5 Reviewing the literature 17
1.6 Evaluating research 20
1.7 The structure of a research project 22
1.8 Review 22
1.9 Explanation of terms 22
1.10 Further reading 23

Chapter 2 Planning a study - the design 24

2.1 The purpose of a research plan 26
2.2 Rescarch plans and practicalities 27
2.3 Methods 34
2.4 The nature of research design 40
2.5 Design elements in research 53
2.6 Developments in research design 57
2.7 Review 66
2.8 Explanation of terms 66
2.9 Further reading 68

Chapter 3 Carrying out your study - the procedure 69

3.1 The role of procedure 69
3.2 The stuff of research - who will you use? 71
3.3 Secondary rescarch 83
3.4 Using questionnaires in rescarch 85
3.5 Special techniques for information gathering 90
3.6 Using standard instruments in rescarch 91
3.7 Conducting ethical research 98
3.8 Review 99
3.9 Explanation of terms 99
3.10 Further reading 101

Chapter 4 Quantitative techniques - describing the social world:
introducing SPSS 103

4.1 Using numbers to represent the social world 103
4.2 Making sense of numbers 105
4.3 Using statistics to illustrate and describe 108
4.4 The normal distribution 111
4.5 Computer analysis and SPSS 117
4.6 The basics of working with SPSS 119
4.7 Setting up data in SPSS 125
4.8 SPSS and descriptive statistics 125
4.9 Interval data and correlation 129
4.10 Review 139
4.11 Explanation of terms 139
4.12 Further reading 140

Chapter 5 Making inferences about research: statistical analysis using SPSS 141

5.1 Inferential statistics 141
5.2 Probability explained 143
5.3 Scope for errors 144
5.4 One- and two-tailed tests 144
5.5 Statistical analysis 145
5.6 Complex analyses (analysis of variance, regression and partial correlation) 173
5.7 Review 192
5.8 Explanation of terms 194
5.9 Further reading 195

Chapter 6 Qualitative research 196

6.1 What is qualitative research? 196
6.2 An overview of some approaches 198
6.3 Preparing to condact a qualitative study 204
6.4 Collecting data 205
6.5 Dealing with qualitative data 209
6.6 Points to consider when writing up 211
6.7 Other issues relating to the quality of the research 211
6.8 Review 212
6.9 References 212
6.10 Further reading 214

Chapter 7 Writing up your research 215

7.1 The purpose of a report 218
7.2 Writing guidelines 218
7.3 The structure of a research report 219
7.4 Tables and figures 228
7.5 Discussion 231
7.6 References 231
7.7 Appendices 233
7.8 Presentation and style 233
7.9 Writing up qualitative research 233
7.10 Presenting a report 236
7.11 Review 238
7.12 Further reading 239

Index 241